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Table 4 Risk for severe TBI (Marshal ≥3) associated with substance use at time of injury and pre-injury substance abuse (n = 88).

From: Effects of acute substance use and pre-injury substance abuse on traumatic brain injury severity in adults admitted to a trauma centre

 

Number of cases

n (%)

Less severe TBI

n (%)

More severe TBI

n (%)

OR (95% CI)

Unadjusted

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted for age and gender

OR (95% CI)

Adjusted for age, gender, education, cause of injury, subst. use/CAGE

Substance use

      

   No

43 (49)

20 (42)

23 (58)

1*

1*

1*

   Yes

45 (51)

28 (58)

17 (42)

0.52 (0.23-1.24)

0.60 (0.24-1.53)

0.39 (0.11-1.35)

    

p = 0.14

p = 0.28

p = 0.14

CAGE

      

   < 2

65 (74)

37 (77)

28 (70)

1*

1*

1*

   ≥ 2

23 (26)

11 (23)

12 (30)

1.44 (0.56-3.74)

1.66 (0.60-4.61)

4.05 (1.05-15.64)

    

p = 0.45

p = 0.32

p = 0.04

  1. The data are presented as OR (odds ratio). *Reference category. OR greater than 1 increases probability of severe TBI. OR less than 1 decreases the probability of severe TBI.